Preschoolers' cognitive flexibility and emotion understanding: a developmental perspective.

Introduction: Cognitive flexibility is the ability to adapt to changing tasks or problems, while emotion understanding is the ability to interpret emotional cues and information in different contexts. Both abilities are crucial for preschoolers' socialization. Methods: This study selected 532 preschool children aged 3-6 years from two kindergartens in a central province of China. The Dimensional Change Card Sorting (DCCS) task and emotion understanding tasks were used to investigate the developmental characteristics of cognitive flexibility, emotion understanding abilities, and their relationship. Results: The results showed: (1) For cognitive flexibility, children older than 5 years scored significantly higher than younger children, and girls scored higher than boys. (2) For facial emotion recognition: (i) Children's recognition scores for happy, sad, and angry expressions were significantly higher than fear; children could accurately recognize happy, sad, and angry emotions by age 3, while fear recognition developed rapidly after age 5; (ii) Girls scored higher in recognizing fearful faces than boys. (3) For situational emotion understanding: (i) Children's development followed the hierarchical order of external, desire, clue, and belief-based understanding. Situational and desire-based understanding already reached high levels by age 3, while clue and belief-based understanding developed quickly after age 5; (ii) Girls scored higher than boys in belief-based emotion understanding. (4) Cognitive flexibility significantly predicted children's facial emotion recognition, external and desire-based emotion understanding. Discussion: Parents and teachers should cultivate children's cognitive flexibility and provide personalized support. They should also fully grasp the characteristics of children's emotion understanding development, systematically nurture their emotion understanding abilities, and leverage cognitive flexibility training to improve their emotion understanding.

On the self-efficacy of medical students in independent learning based on a survey of six medical institutions of higher learning / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To analyze the self-efficacy of medical students in independent learning and its influencing factors, and to explore the ways to improve their self-learning ability.Methods:A questionnaire survey was conducted among medical students in 6 medical institutions of higher learning in Guangdong Province. A total of 2 480 questionnaires were issued, and 2 282 were recovered. SPSS 19.0 was used to conduct statistical analysis including Kruskal-Wall test and multiple comparisons.Results:There were 47.72% of the medical students who had a strong autonomous learning drive, and more than half of the medical students had strong autonomous learning ability with strong self-efficacy of independent learning. The influence of family location, family guidance degree and different grades on self-efficacy of medical students was different, and there was no significant difference between 5-year and 8-year clinical medical students in self-efficacy of independent learning.Conclusion:Family factors have a great influence on self-efficacy, and senior medical students have the strong ability of self-learning compared with junior medical students. Therefore, we should give full play to the positive impacts of family and school factors to further improve the independent learning ability and efficiency of medical students.

The comprehensive analysis of the published papers related to medical students' autonomous learning in the past 11 years / 中华医学教育探索杂志

It is obvious that the quantities and quality of the achievements in medical research in the past 11 years have a clear upward trend considering the findings about self-regulated learning of medical students in major domestic educational journals published from 2005 to 2015.The contents mainly focus on the teaching modes and systems of self-regulated learning,the introduction and import of foreign research results and the cultivation of medical students' self-regulated learning ability.The research category is mainly on the study of overall medical students.While the basic and clinical specialties are also involved.The theoretical research is a little more than empirical research.At present,the lack of depth in theoretical research and less comprehensive empirical research is waiting to resolve.Also the related research has problems such as the lack of depth and breadth,the lack of landmark achievements and the homogeneity of results,as well as the lack of innovation and authority.

The role of polymerase chain reaction with confronting two-pair primers in SNP genotyping of DNA base excision repair genes / 重庆医学

Objective It is important to precisely determinate the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in many genes in‐cluding genes related with base excision repair (BER) pathway .This research is conducted to evaluate the role of polymerase chain reaction with confronting two‐pair primers (PCR‐CTPP) in analyzing the SNPs of BER pathway .Methods Four common SNPs of BER pathway (OGG1 Ser326Cys ,XRCC1 Arg399Gln ,APE1 Asp148Glu and‐141T/G in the promoter region) was detected with PCR‐CTPP .10 of the products were sent for genotype sequencing .Compare the results of PCR and sequencing to evaluate the accu‐racy of PCR‐CTPP .Results The genotypes were exactly the same as the sequencing .Conclusion The PCR‐CTPP was a reliable and rapid detective technology for SNPs genotyping .Its broadest application would be great help for gene variant analysis .

The role and molecular mechanism of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in chemoresistance to oxaliplatin in colorectal cancer cells / 重庆医学

Objective To investigate the role and molecular mechanism of epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EM T ) in che‐moresistance to oxaliplatin in colorectal cancer cells .Methods Oxaliplatin resistant LOVO/L‐OHP cells were established by gradu‐ally increasing the concentration of oxaliplatin and intermittent treatment with high‐dose concentration on parental cells (LOVO) . The expression of E‐cadherin and Vimentin was detected by indirect immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis .The expression of Snail and Twist was detected by Western blot analysis .cell proliferation was detected by MTT .Results Compared with LOVO cells ,the epithelial phenotype of LOVO/L‐OHP cell line was lost ,and the expression of E‐cadherin was decreased (22 .63 ± 3 .25)% (P 0 .05) ,Snail expression was significantly increased (382 .18 ± 41 .33)% (P<0 .01) .The expression of siSnail increased E‐cadherin (246 .82 ± 31 .57)% (P<0 .01) .The expression of Vimentin (28 .75 ± 3 .96)% (P< 0 .01);siSnail significantly enhanced sensitivity to oxaliplatin based chemotherapy in LOVO/L‐OHP cell line ,IC50 control group and siSnail group were 23 .75 μg/mL and 12 .42 μg/mL .Conclusion EM T may play an important role in chemoresistance to oxaliplatin in colorectal cancer cells ,inhibition of EM T can restore chemosensitivity of resistant colorectal cancer cells.

Analysis of diagnosis and treatment and prognosis factor for 4 3 8 cases of malignant pleural effusion with lung cancer / 重庆医学

Objective To analyze the characteristics of diagnosis and therapeutic effect of malignant pleural effusion with lung cancer,and explore the prognostic factors and effective diagnosis and treatment plans.Methods A retrospective analysis in-cludes 728 cases of definite pleural effusion with lung cancer from October 2009 to December 2013 in our hospital,which was fol-lowed-up to September 30,2014,and 438 cases were available analyzed.The main outcome measures were incidence,efficiency,pro-gression-free survival and overall survival.Results The overall median progression-free survival and the median survival of malig-nant pleural effusions with lung cancer was respectively 4 months and 8 months.males,small cell lung cancer,massive pleural effu-sion,and right pleural effusion may be the independent factors of local unmanageable malignant pleural effusion by multivariable Lo-gistic regression.The overall survival of pleural effusion with locally control(less than four weeks )was better than those with un-manageable(mOS:9 month vs.5 month,P 2 cycles and takingTKI treatment were significantly reduced (P<0.001;P=0.026).Gender,histological type,pericardial effusion,partial remission time,cycles of chemo-therapy and TKI were the independent prognostic factors for overall survival.The overall survival prognosis of patients with Fe-male,squamous cell carcinoma,no pericardial effusion,and over three cycles of chemotherapy,TKI therapy,and local controlled in 4 weeks was better.Conclusion Male,massive pleural effusion and right pleural effusion are independent predictive factors of local unmanageable malignant pleural effusion.The overall survival of pleural effusion with locally control was better than the patients with refractory control.Histological type,controllable relief time of pleural effusion,cycles of chemotherapy and TKI therapy were the independent predictive factors of progression and overall survival.

Urinary protein markers predict the severity of renal histological lesions in children with IgA nephropathy and IgM nephropathy / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To compare the clinical manifestations,renal histological lesions,and the levels of urinary protein markers between the children with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and those with IgM nephropathy (IgMN), and to determine whether urinary protein markers could predict the severity of renal histological lesions in children with IgAN and IgMN.Methods Seventy-four children with renal biopsy-proven IgAN and IgMN from January 2002 to October 2014 were enrolled in the study.The levels of IgG, albumin (Alb), transferrin (TRF), α1-microglobulin (α1-MG) ,β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase (NAG) in morning urine samples before biopsy were measured.The semi-quantitative scores of mesangial hypercellularity (MC), glomerulosclerosis (GS), and tubule-interstitial damage (TID) were used to assess renal histological lesions.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to determine whether urinary protein levels were independently associated with renal histological lesions.The area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve (AUC) was calculated to assess the predictive ability of urinary protein markers.Results Seventy-four children (44 cases with IgAN,30 cases with IgMN) were included.The urinary levels of α1-MG and Alb were significantly higher in children with IgAN as compared to those with IgMN.The differences, however, did not remain significant after adjustment for age.The urine protein, as an independent factor associated with severe MC(＞ 5 mesangial cells per mesangial area) was TRF(B =0.010), and severe GS (≥ 10％ glomeruli showing segmental adhesion or sclerosis) was significantly correlated with Alb(B =0.001) ,and severe TID (focal or diffuse tubular and interstitial lesions) was significantly correlated with NAG(B =0.038).Urinary β2-MG was not significantly associated with severe MC, GS and TID.Urinary TRF, Alb and NAG achieved the best AUC of 0.85 (P ＜ 0.001) ,0.78 (P =0.002), and 0.78 (P =0.003), respectively, for predicting severe MC, GS, and TID.Conclusions Urinary proteins are useful to predict the severity of renal histological lesions in children with IgAN and IgMN.Urinary TRF, Alb and NAG have better predictive value.

Predictive value of urinary cystatin C for mortality in critically ill neonates / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To determine if urinary cystatin C (uCys C) level can predict mortality in critically ill neonates.Methods This prospective study included neonates admitted to the intensive care unit within the first 6 hours of life from May.2011 to Oct.2012.Neonates were assigned into survivor and non-survivor groups based on whether they died during the first week of life.The uCys C level was measured on the day of admission.The score for neonatal acute physiology (SNAP) was calculated based on 28 items collected during the first 24 hours of admission.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to determine whether uCys C level was a predictor of mortality.A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was calculated to assess the predictive strength.Results Of the total 155 neonates,12 cases (7.1％) died during the first week of life.When compared to survivors,the gestational age (t =2.810,P =0.006) and birth weight (t =3.245,P =0.001) in non-survivors were significantly lower; but the uCys C level (z =-3.426,P =0.001),the SNAP score (z =-3.308,P =0.001),and the use of mechanical ventilation (x2 =23.877,P =0.000) were significantly higher.Logistic regression analysis revealed that uCys C remained significantly associated with mortality after adjusting for gestation age,birth weight,or the SNAP score (P =0.024).uCys C achieved AUC of 0.81 (95％ CI:0.71-0.92,P =0.001).When combined with SNAP and mechanical ventilation,the predictive performance of uCys C improved AUC 0.93 (95 ％ CI:0.86-1.00,P =0.000).Conclusion uCys C is significantly associated with adverse outcome of death and independently predictive of mortality in critically ill neonates.

Expression of DNA repair gene apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 and its correlation with the expression of mutant p53 in hepatocellular carcinoma / 中华消化外科杂志

Objective To detect the expression of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APEI) and explore its correlation with the expression of mutant p53 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods The expression of APE1 and mutant p53 was detected by SP immunohistochemical method in 10 specimens of normal liver tissue, 40 specimens of liver cirrhosis tissue and 103 specimens of HCC tissue which were collected at the Department of Pathology of Daping Hospital from 1991 to 2004. All data were analyzed by chi-square test, correla-tion analysis and K Independent-Samples Tests. Results The expression rate of APE1 in HCC was 100.0%, which was significantly higher than that in normal liver tissue (40.0%) and liver cirrhosis tissue (82.5%) (χ~2= 47.852, P < 0.01). The expression of APE1 was only detected in the nucleus in normal liver tissue. Ectopic expression of APE1 in cytoplasm was detected in liver cirrhosis tissue and HCC tissue, with the rate of 20.0% and 53.4%, respectively (χ~2=20.757, P <0.01). There was statistical difference in clinical staging and pathological grading of HCC with different combinations of APE1 expression (intranuclear or ectopic expression) and mutant p53 expression (positive or negative expression) (χ~2=12.910, 14.481, P < 0.01), and HCC with ectopic expression of APE1 and positive expression of p53 had high malignant degree. Conclusion Overexpression and ectopic expression of APE1 in cytoplasm may play important roles in the genesis and progression of HCC, and the ectopic expression of APE1 and p53 mutation may have synergistic effect.